ΨΗΦΙΑΚΗ ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΑ – ΠΙΘΑΝΕΣ ΕΠΙΠΤΩΣΕΙΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΣΩΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΨΥΧΙΚΗ ΥΓΕΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΑΝΑΠΤΥΞΗ
- .Asghari, A., Khaki, A. A., Rajabzadeh, A., & Khaki, A. (2016). A review on Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and the reproductive system. Electronic Physician, 8(7), 2655–2662. https://doi.org/10.19082/2655
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) COUNCIL ON COMMUNICATIONS AND MEDIA.Media and Young Minds. Pediatrics, 138 (2016),
- American Academy of Pediatric Digital Ecosystems, Children, and Adolescents: Policy Statement Tiffany Munzer, MD, Council on Communications and Media, 2026
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (2013). Children, Adolescents, and the Media, Pediatrics, 132, pp. 958.
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (2016a). AAP responds to study showing link between cell phone radiation, tumors in rats. AAP News (Available at: http://www.aappublications.org/news/2016/05/27/Cancer052716).
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (2016b). Media Use in School-Aged Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 138(5).
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (2019). Selecting Appropriate Toys for Young Children in the Digital Era, Pediatrics, 143(1).
- American Academy of Pediatrics. Family Media Plan [Accessed 6 March 2025]. Available from: https://www.healthychildren.org/English/media/Pages/hhh.aspx.
- ANSES. (2016). Opinion of the French Agency for food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety on the “Exposition des enfants aux radiofréquences: pour un usage modéré et encadré des technologies sans-fil”. (Available at: https://www.anses.fr/fr/content/exposition-des-enfants-aux-radiofr%C3%A9quences-pour-un-usage-mod%C3%A9r%C3%A9-et-encadr%C3%A9-des-technologies).
- ANSES. (2019). Opinion of the French Agency for food Environmental and Health Safety on the “Health effects associated with exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields”. ANSES/PR1/9/01-06 [version e] code Ennov: ANSES/FGE/0037. (Available at: https://www.anses.fr/en/system/files/AP2013SA0038EN.pdf).
- Austrian Medical Association. (2012). EMF Guidelines 2012. (Available at: https://www.magdahavas.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Austrian-EMF-Guidelines-2012.pdf).
- Austrian Medical Association. (2018). EMF Guidelines 2018 (Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems and illnesses (EMF Syndrome) Consensus paper of the Austrian Medical Association’s EMF Working Group (AG-EMF).
- Avendaño, C., Mata, A., Sanchez, C.A.S., & Doncel, G.F. (2012). Use of laptop computers connected to internet through Wi-Fi decreases human sperm motility and increases sperm DNA fragmentation. Fertility and Sterility, 97(1), pp. 39-45.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.10.012
- B.A. McArthur, et al Screen time and developmental and behavioural outcomes for preschool children. Pediatr Res, 91 (2022), 1616-1621http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41390-021-01572-w
- Bektas, M. S., & Dasdag, S. (2022). Effect of mobile phone usage duration during pregnancy on the general motor movements of infants. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 36(1), 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2022.2046505
- Belpoggi, F. (2021). Health impact of 5G: Current state of knowledge of 5G-related carcinogenic and reproductive/developmental hazards as they emerge from epidemiological studies and in vivo experimental studies. Panel for the Future of Science and Technology. European Parliamentary Research Service. Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA). PE 690.012. 78 : https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2021/690012/EPRS_STU(2021)690012_EN.pdf).
- Boers, E., Afzali, M. H., Newton, N., & Conrod, P. (2019). Association of Screen Time and Depression in Adolescence. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(9), 853. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1759
- Boileau, N., Margueritte, F., Gauthier, T., Boukeffa, N., Preux, P.-M., Labrunie, A., & Aubard, Y. (2020). Mobile phone use during pregnancy: Which association with fetal growth? Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction, 49(8), 101852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101852
- Burrell, L. (2014). WiFi banned from pre-school childcare facilities in a bold move by French government. (Available at: http://www.naturalnews.com/043695_electrosensitivity_wifi_french_government.html).
- Butler A. (2020). Review of the Health Risks of Radiofrequency Radiation Employed in 5G Technology and the Implications for UK Policymaking. University College Cork, Ireland. (Available at: https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/10604943924787/Prof-Tom-Butler-Submission-on-5G-RFR-Final-27-05-2020-1.pdf) [Accessed February 8, 2021].
- Davis Devra et al (2023) Wireless technologies, non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and children: Identifying and reducing health risks Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care
- Davis, D. (2019). The dangerous push for more technology in schools. Op-Ed article published in International Business Times. (Available at: https://ehtrust.org/international-business-times-the-dangerous-push-for-more-technology-in-schools/) [Accessed May 17, 2021].
- Dandan Wu et al How Early Digital Experience Shapes Young Brains During 0-12 Years: A Scoping Review. Early Education and Development, 2023; 1 DOI: 10.1080/10409289.2023.2278117
- Divan, H.A., Kheifets, L., Obel, C., & Olsen, J. (2008). Prenatal and postnatal exposure to cell phone use and behavioral problems in children. Epidemiology, 19(4), pp. 523–529. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e318175dd47 (Available at: http://www.wifiinschools.com/uploads/3/0/4/2/3042232/divan_08_prenatal_postnatal_cell_phone_use.pdf)
- .
- Divan, H.A., Kheifets, L., Obel, C., & Olsen, J. (2010). Cell phone use and behavioural problems in young children. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66(6), pp. 524-529. doi: 10.1136/jech.2010.115402
- Divan, J., Kheifets, L., & Olsen, J. (2011).The Prenatal cell phone use and developmental milestone delays among infants. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 37(4), pp. 341–348. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23064863
- María Angustias Salmerón-Ruiz a f,et al i e fEffects of Digital Media on Physical Health and Development – ScienceDirect Anales de Pediatría Volume 102, Issue 6, June 2025, 503876
- Environmental Health Trust. (2017). International Policy Briefing: Radiofrequency Radiation in Communities and Schools Actions by Governments, Health Authorities and Schools Worldwide. (Available at: https://ehtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/International-Policy-Precautionary-Actions-on-Wireless-Radiation.pdf) .
- European Commission, ‘A digital decade for children and youth: the new European strategy for a better internet for kids (BIK+)’, 2022, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN
- Εuropean Commission. (2025). Guidelines on the protection of minors under the Digital Services Act (Commission Notice, C/2025/519). Official Journal of the European Union.
- European Commission. (2025). Minimising the risks children and young people face online. Directorate General for Communication.
- European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). Protecting children on social media. (2026).
- EU Kids Online 2020
- Fernández, C., et al (2018). Absorption of wireless radiation in the child versus adult brain and eye from cell phone conversation or virtual reality. Environmental Research, 167, pp. 694–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.013
- Foerster, M., Tet al (2018). A Prospective Cohort Study of Adolescents’ Memory Performance and Individual Brain Dose of Microwave Radiation from Wireless Communication. Environmental Health Perspectives, 126(7), 077007. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2427
- Grefen Karen Effects of a digitalized childhood on the cognitive and emotional maturation of the brain European Society for Clinical Environmental Medicine (EGKU) 23rd Annual Conference on Environmental Medicine, Berlin, November 7 – 8, 2025, Die Naturheilkunde 6-2025
- Hardell, L. (2018). Effects of Mobile Phones on Children’s and Adolescents’ Health: A Commentary. Child Development, 89(1), pp. 137–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12831
- Kaur, B. et al . Digital Eye Strain- A Comprehensive Review. Ophthalmol Ther, 11 (2022), pp. 1655-1680
- Hessinger P, Effects of electromagnetic fields from wireless technologies on brain metabolism Die Naturheilkunde 6-2025
- Hutton J. et, alAssociations Between Screen-Based Media Use and Brain White Matter Integrity in Preschool-Aged Children et al JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(1):e193869. ,
- JRC Publications Repository Social media usage and adolescents’ mental health in the EU 2025 , https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu › repository › handle
Social media usage and adolescents’ mental health in the EU
- Yin, Y., Cai, X., & Ouyang, M. (2023). FoMO and the brain: Loneliness and problematic social networking site use mediate the association between the topology of the resting-state EEG brain network and fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior,136(1), 107305. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563222004447
- Ippei Takahashi, et al ; Screen Time at Age 1 Year and Communication and Problem-Solving Developmental Delay at 2 and 4 Years Adolescent Mental Health August 21, 2023
- Karipides Ken The effect of exposure to radiofrequency fields on cancer risk in the general and working population: A systematic review of human observational studies– Part I: Most researched outcomes http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ . Environment International 191 (2024) 108983
- Köhler Dauner, et al (2025). Digital child protection in social networks: Age verification and age tiered regulation in Europe. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 19, 143.
- Kunru Song et al Youth Screen Media Activity Patterns and Associations With Behavioral Developmental Measures and Resting-state Brain Functional Connectivity.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 62 (2023), pp. 1051-1063 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2023.02.014 |
- Lai Henry (2024) Majority of Studies Find Cell Phone and Wireless Radiation Effects
- Update by Dr. Henry Lai: Majority of Studies Find Cell Phone and …
- Maryland Children’s Environmental Health and Protection Advisory Council (2016). Wifi Radiation in Schools in Maryland Final Report. (Available at: https://phpa.health.maryland.gov/OEHFP/EH/Shared%20Documents/CEHPAC/MD_CEHPAC_SchoolWiFi_022017_final.pdf) [Accessed 22 June 2018].
- Mevissen, M et al Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on cancer in laboratory animal studies, a systematic review, (partially funded by WHO) Environment International (2025), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.10948
- Nilsson M. & Hardell L. 2025 Increasing Numbers of Children Aged 5-19 Years with Memory Problems in Sweden and Norway, Archives of Clinical and Biomedical Research. 9 (2025): 431-439. Increasing Numbers of Children Aged 5-19 Years with Memory …
- 54.Nuvoli Viola et al, Digital screen exposure in infants, children and adolescents: a systematic review of existing recommendations Public Health in Practice Volume 10, December 2025, 100653
- OECD https://www.oecd.org › en › publications PISA 2015 Results (Volume I)
- OECD https://www.oecd.org › en › publications PISA 2022 Results (Volume I) | OECD
- OECD 2024. PISA: Programme for International Student Assessment, ‘PISA Database’, https://www.oecd.org/ pisa/data/, accessed 15 January 2024.
- OECD, ‘PISA 2022 Results (Volume I): The State of Learning and Equity in Education’, PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1787/53f23881-en.
- Orleans Alicia Santamaría Digitalization on Pediatric Practice and Childhood Health Care in Spain: Nationwide Survey Study JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting Vol8 2025 , https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/75310, f.
- Pall, M. (2018). 5G: Great risk for EU, U.S. and international health! Compelling evidence for eight distinct types of great harm caused by electromagnetic field (EMF) exposures and the mechanism that causes them. (Available at: https://www.emfdata.org/en/documentations/detail&id=243) [Accessed June 22, 2018].
- Pall, M. (2018). Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health. Environmental Research, 164, pp. 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.035
- Pigott, L. E. (2025). Social media rewires young minds—here’s how. The Conversation, 1(1), 120-145. https://theconversation.com/social-media-rewires-young-minds-heres-how-243120
- Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. (2011). Resolution 1815: The potential dangers of electromagnetic fields and their effect on the environment. (Available at: https://pace.coe.int/pdf/502c8303e94b6d391e0fd89e79b66b8dc6a3020b3326667a8259ffe25682ae848428feba12/resolution%201815.pdf) [Accessed 17 June 2018].
- Ponti Michelle , Pediatrics (2026) 157 (2): e2025075320.https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2025-075320le, Screen time and preschool children: Promoting health and development in a digital world. Paediatrics Child Health, 28 (2023), pp. 184-192 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxac125 | Medline
- Redmayne, M. (2016). International policy and advisory response regarding children’s exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF).
- République Française. (2015). Official Bulletin: LOI n° 2015-136 du 9 février 2015 relative à la sobriété, à la transparence, à l’information et à la concertation en matière d’exposition aux ondes électromagnétiques (In English: LAW No. 2015-136 of February 9, 2015 relating to sobriety, transparency, information and consultation in matters of exposure to electromagnetic waves). Journal officiel de la République française. (Available at: https://www.senat.fr/dossier-legislatif/ppl13-310.html and https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000030212642?r=g6b6DILLSd).
- Research Letters (2026) Smart phone Use on School Nights in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study JAMA Pediatrics Published online May18,2026
- Reykjavik International Appeal on Wireless Technology in Schools. (2017). Reykjavik Appeal on wireless technology in schools. (Available at: https://es-ireland.com/…/feb-2017-reykjavik-appeal-on-wireless-technology-in-school and http://www.stralskyddsstiftelsen.se/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Reykjavik-Appeal-170224-2.pdf) [Accessed 22 June 2018].
- Rizzo R et al Molecular and Neurobiological Imbalance from the Use of Technological Devices During Early Child Development Stages 2025 Jul 10;12(7):909. doi: 10.3390/children12070909*
- Safe Schools 2012. Medical and scientific experts call for safe technologies in schools. (Available at: http://www.wifiinschools.org.uk/resources/safeschools2012.pdf).
- Sage, C., & Burgio, E. (2018). Electromagnetic Fields, Pulsed Radiofrequency Radiation, and Epigenetics: How Wireless Technologies May Affect Childhood Development. Child Development, 89(1), pp. 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12824
- Salmerón-Ruiz, I. Montiel, C. L’Ecuyer A call for caution in the use of screens: a lack of evidence of risk is not evidence of a lack of risk. An Pediatr Vol. 101. Issue 2.
- Pages 73-154 (1 August 2024)(Engl Ed), 101 (2024), pp. 73-74 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anpede.2024.03.052 | Medline
- Scientist 5G International Appeal. (2017).Scientists warn of potential serious health effects of 5G. (Available at: https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/1040566847805/Scientist-5G-appeal-2017.pdf).
- Setia M.S. et al Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Emissions and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants: A Prospective Cohort Study ( 2025) Cureus 17(7): e87671. doi:10.7759/cureus.87671
- Sharma Yeshwini et al Social Media and the Dopamine System: A Behavioral Neuroscience Perspective on Reward, Attention, and Addiction, 2025, IJIRT | Volume 12 Issue 5 | ISSN: 2349-6002
- Singh B,ZhouM,CurtisR,MaherC,DumuidD. Social media use and well-being across adolescent development. JAMAPediatr. Published online January 12, 2026.doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2025.5619
- Stiglic, R.M. Viner. Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open, 9 (2019),
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023191
- Sudan, M., et al (2012). Prenatal and Postnatal Cell Phone Exposures and Headaches in Children. The Open Pediatric Medicine Journal, 6(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874309901206010046
- Sudan, M., et al . (2016). Prospective cohort analysis of cellphone use and emotional and behavioural difficulties in children. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 70(12), 1207–1213. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2016-207419
- Supper A, and Teuchert-Noodt G.,How learning doesn’t work” Children evaluate their cell phone use – An empirical pilot study (2021) Neurology and Neuroscience url={https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248877437}
- Tamana, S. K., et al (2019). Screen-time is associated with inattention problems in preschoolers: Results from the CHILD birth cohort study. PLOS ONE, 14(4), e0213995. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213995
- Taylor Hugh EHT (2020). “Cell Phone Exposure Could Damage Babies Brains”. (Available at: https://ehtrust.org/science/pregnancy-wireless-and-electromagnetic-fields/) [Accessed March 10, 2021].
- Teague Samantha Digital Media and Child Development A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis JAMA Pediatr. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.0085 JAMAPediatr. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.0085
- Teuchert-Noodt, G. (2017). Cyberattack on the nervous system of the brain – Where does the digital revolution lead? (Original in German: Cyberattacke auf die Nervennetze des Gehirns – Wohin führt die digitale Revolution?). Interview and translation: Johanna Wenninger-Muhr. Umwelt-medizin-gesellschaft, p. 28-32.
- Teuchert-Noodt, G. (2017). Digital media are a great danger for our brain. Interview by Johanna Wenninger-Muhr, Visionblog.info (Available at: https://visionsblog.info/en/2017/05/20/digital-media-great-danger-brain/) 21].
- The BabySafe Project. (2014). The Joint Statement on Pregnancy and Wireless technology. (Available at: https://www.babysafeproject.org/joint-statement) .
- Jason M. Nagata et al Social media use and early adolescent brain structure: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study NeuroImage 331 (2026) 121860
- Vienna Medical Association. (2016).10 Medical Rules for a Safer Use of Mobile Phones. (Available at: https://ehtrust.org/cell-phone-guidelines/) [Accessed 1st April 2017].
- UNESCO 2023 GEM report: Technology in education: a tool on whose terms?
Global Education Monitoring Report Team [1409]
- UNICEF 2024 Digital technologies, child rights and well-being The State of Children in the European Union
https://www.unicef.org › eu › media › file › Digital…
- Wilke I. (2018). Biological and pathological effects of 2.45 GHz radiation on cells, fertility, brain, and behavior. Umwelt – Medizin – Gesellschaft, 31(1), Supplement: 1-32. (Available at: https://eliant.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/de/pdf/Wilke_2018_Review_2_45_GHz_Eng_df_END.pdf).
- Zarei, S., et al (2019). Mother’s Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields before and during Pregnancy is Associated with Risk of Speech Problems in Offspring. Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering, 9(1), 61–68. PMID: 30881935
Επικαιροποιηση Ιούνιος 2026- Updated on June 2026
By Dr S.C,Michaelidou Cyprus National Committee on Environment and Children’s Health
Από Δρ Σ.Κ. Μιχαηλίδου, Εθνική Επιτροπή Κύπρου Περιβάλλον και Υγεία του Παιδιού